The food consumption of Italians is back in the snapshot provided by the 12th edition of the Immagino Observatory, which dedicates a dossier to families' response to price increases.
The state of permanent crisis (permacrisis) in which we are forced from the pandemic to the current war economy, indeed, also leaves its mark on the shopping cart.
The valuable analysis of consumption trends concerns 130,000 products offered in supermarkets and hypermarkets between June 2021 and June 2022. The sample is obtained by cross-referencing information in labels digitized by GS1 Italy and consumption data from NielsenIQ. (1)
Immagino Observatory, 12th edition in the endless crisis
The flood of price increases is hardly sustainable for Italians, holders of the lowest wages in Europe and even lower than 2018 levels, as confirmed by the ILO, International Labour Organization. (1)
Compared to food expenditureThe only available option for low-income families is to save by reducing superfluous spending and chasing offers and the best prices for each food category.
The phenomenon is studied by Osservatorio Immagino analyzing sales trends according to two perspectives
- the presence on the label of claim such as ‘savings‘, ‘convenience‘, ‘offer‘, ‘gift‘ etc.,
- price range membership low price-first price, mainstream-medium range or premium-high range.
More offers fewer sales
The presence on the label of the various claim on convenience has increased, but it has not stimulated sales.
In proportion, the best result concerns high-end products (+6.8% in value and +6.7% in volume). A contradiction explained by the greater impact of inflation on low-priced products and the tendency of low-income consumers to take advantage of offers to purchase the products premium, which are generally too expensive.
It rains on the wet
The impact of inflation in the year ending June 2022 was still mild, with sales volumes decreasing by less than -1%, but value remaining stable. The contraction concerns low-range products, more affected by price increases compared to high-range ones. In particular, in Osservatorio Immagino's macro-categories analysis, the phenomenon is modulated as follows.
Free from. The basket is predominantly allocated (49.2%) in the middle price range. At the extremes are found in range top products with claim ‘low sugar' and in the low cost those 'without additives'. Sales by price range show an increase (+1.5% in value and +0.7% in volume) for the upper middle level and a contraction (-1.2% in volume, stable in value) for the lowest one.
rich-in is instead a basket premium, with sales more concentrated in the mid (45.3%) and high (30.2%) price ranges, especially for claim ‘fiber' and 'protein'.
In June 2022 no significant shifts toward products emerge low price and/or consumption reductions.
Intolerances is another high-value basket, with half (50.4%) of total sales from products in the middle price range and 30.2% from those in the high range.
To cope with price increases, consumers moved to less expensive products: sales in the mid-low ranges increased by +3.5% and +3.3% respectively, both in value and volume.
An exception is made by the sector 'gluten-free', where product sales grow premium and those of the cheaper ones decline.
Italianness, on premium
Italianness, regionality, and supply chain. The main claim of the universe of Italianness on the label are concentrated in the middle price range, which accounts for almost 47% of the basket's total turnover.
In this context, 100% Italian accounts for 51.4% of the value share in the middle range, while geographical indications are concentrated in the high range: 36.8% for Dop, Doc and Docg, 34% for Igp and Igt.
Also in this case, sales grow (+2.4% in value and +1% in volume) for the range premium and fall (-1.6% in volume) for the low-cost.
Lifestyle. Organic records a cross-price range sales decline, with a less marked decrease in the middle range. The area veg instead polarizes, with a migration from the middle to the low range (+2% in value and +1.2% in volume) and the premium (+2.4% in value and +2.5% in volume).
The Immagino metaproduct
Nutritional changes In the spending of Italians between summer 2021 and that of 2022 are represented by the metaproduct Immagino. This indicator summarizes information from 77,726 nutritional tables and for this edition holds no great surprises.
The contribution of the various nutrients to the metaproduct
– continues to decrease for sugars,
– remains stable for carbohydrates and proteins,
– continues to decrease for total fats and saturated fats.
– increases with reference to fibers.
Further decreased is the resulting energy intake (in kcal) of the metaproduct Immagino.
Italianity in the cart
The Italianness of products appears on the label of 24 thousand items, which in supermarkets and hypermarkets amount to more than 9.7 billion euros in sales, +1.3% compared to 2021. Despite an offer decrease of -9.3%, demand fell by 8%.
The performance are very varied among products qualified as Italian according to 8 methods, among pictograms, claim and protected denominations.
100% Italian. This claim is the second most important (appears on 7,538 products, 8.3% of the basket) and marks the best result in the group, +3.3%. The greatest growth concerns UHT milk, traditional biscuits, pasta, snacks, ice creams multipack and cold cuts.
Italian flag. The tricolor is the most widespread sign of Italianness. It appears on 14,413 products, 15.9% of the basket, and marks a turnover increasing by +1.7%. The fastest-growing categories are UHT milk, cold cuts and tea-based beverages.
Product of Italy. Third indicator of Italianness, the claim appears on 6,569 products and records a sales decline of -1.8%.
Protected denominations
Among the 5 geographical indications European, PDO and PGI record a slight growth in turnover, but only thanks to the increased supply. Overall, in fact, the decline in demand is a constant.
The 4,196 products PDO, DOC and DOCG lose -1.3% of sales. The reason, the report states, is lower demand (-12%) and insufficient supply (+10.7%). DOC and DOCG wines, mozzarellas and garlic lose. Instead, grana cheeses, classic method sparkling wines and those charmat dry, oranges and cold cuts.
IGP and IGT
Unfavorable also the balance sheet for IGP and IGT products, which together represent 2.2% of the supermarket and hypermarket offer. Their turnover fell by -1.2%, with sales unchanged for IGP (+0.5%) and decreasing for IGT (-5.5%). Wines, alcoholic beers, common wine, cold cuts, and sliced meats declined.
The regional origin
The regional provenance is indicated in 10 thousand products, 11.1% of the food basket of the Immagino Observatory.
Among the 20 regions, eight have achieved an increase in sales. The performance best were achieved by
- Sardinia (+8.3%),
- Molise (+10.7%),
- Liguria (+6.3%).
Trentino-Alto Adige is confirmed as the first region by business volume. Its 974 references have generated over 372 million euros in sales. The trend annual trend was slightly negative (-0.7%) and is attributed to DOC and DOCG wines, whole and sliced cold cuts, stretched curd cheeses and yogurt.
In second position Sicily is confirmed, with over 347 million euros in sales, slightly up compared to the year ending June 2021 (+0.9%), and 1,141 products on the shelves. The most vibrant categories are IGP and IGT wine, lemonade, ice cream multipack (cones), panettone, beers and tomato puree.
In third position, Emilia-Romagna (298 million euros in sales, but down by -2.6%) ousts Piedmont, relegated to fourth place.
The 'supply chain' phenomenon
The report highlights the increasingly clear emergence on labels of the word 'supply chain'. It already appears on 1,916 references (2.1% of the total surveyed) which, in the year ending June 2022, generated over 1.2 billion euros in sales between supermarkets and hypermarkets.
The reference to the supply chain gives a boost to the turnover of +8.3%. Excellent sales trends for UHT milk, semolina pasta, beef-based preparations, chicken and tomatoes.
Free from
The products labeled as Free frommeaning free from an additive, an ingredient or a nutrient, continue to attract. The over 13 thousand references on shelves are worth a turnover of over 7.4 billion euros in sales, +1.4% compared to the previous year.
'Without preservatives' is confirmed as the claim free from most widespread. Present on the labels of 4,376 products, it is stable with a turnover of over 2.6 billion euros (+0.3%). The result is due to the increased offer of cold cuts, natural frozen fish and ready first courses and the demand for tea-based drinks.
'Without palm oil'second claim by turnover (stable at 1.8 billion euros), it is present on 2,877 labels. Among the growing categories stand out processed poultry meats, flatbreads, wholegrain/multigrain biscuits and sandwich bread.
‘Low fat’ is in third place for turnover, 1.5 billion euros, with slight growth (+0.8%). Among the 3,072 products accompanied by this claim, fresh desserts, sports foods, functional yogurts, fresh milk, cold cuts and ready first courses are growing.
The charge of the sweeteners
Avoid sugars seems to be the mantra of many Italians. But the pursuit of sweet taste at all costs fuels the race for foods with sweeteners.
The phenomenon is well represented by the trend of claim ‘without added sugars’. Present on the label of 1,433 products, this claim causes a sales increase of +14%, with a turnover of over 545 million euros.
The most dynamic categories are fresh desserts, fruit-based drinks, and sports foods.
The sprint of ‘low sugar' and 'without antibiotics‘
Among the 16 claim monitored, two others are very dynamic:
- ‘low sugars’, on 2,539 products, generates one of the highest growth rates of Free from (+11.7%). Among the many expanding categories stand out fresh desserts, colas, fruit-based drinks, sports foods, tea-based drinks, chewing gums, candies, and UHT milk substitutes.
- ‘without antibiotics’ is among the claim fastest growing, particularly on fish specialties and poultry. Sales of the 203 products thus offered continue to grow, +7.9%, surpassing 123 million euros, after +18.4% in the previous annual survey.
For the rest, positive sign for sales of products labeled with
- low calories. +3.6%, nearing 157 million euros. Among the 478 products are supplements, flavored waters, energy drink and jams
- without aspartame. Last in number of products (67, essentially sweeteners) and turnover (over 10 million euros), it records +3.7%, thanks to the expansion of the offer.
- without glutamate, +1.7%, almost 462 million euros. Among the 739 references, ready first courses, cold cuts and processed poultry meats. Declining are the sausage.
- without polyphosphates, +1.9%, for a total of 211 million euros. Among the 321 products, cold cuts grow and the sausage.
- without additives, +0.8%. The 1,344 products so labeled are worth 649 million euros. Good are ready first courses, processed poultry meats and cold cuts, bad sausage, mozzarellas and crescenza.
Rich in, proteins and fibers galore
The foods rich-in, with the label claim of a nutrient contribution, are 9,832 and worth 4.1 billion euros. The 12 claim monitored by Osservatorio Immagino have produced a sales increase of +2.8%.
‘Proteins’ is confirmed as the most important claim in value. The 2,688 products so characterized have sold for 1.27 billion euros, +8.4%. The cult foods are fresh desserts (to which we have dedicated a market survey), sports foods, plant-based ready meals and cold cuts.
‘Fibers’ is the rich-in claim most present (3,871 products) and totaled 1.18 billion euros in sales, +2.7%. Among the products are plant-based ready meals, snacks sweets and UHT milk substitutes.
The others rich-in
‘Vitamins’ it is the claim that increased sales of the 2,148 related products by +0.8%, particularly functional yogurt and fermented milk/kefir.
‘Whole’ produces a +1.4% sales increase of the 2,131 products for a volume of 827 million euros.
‘Calcium’, +1.1%, appears on 740 products for a value of 520 million euros.
‘Lactic ferments’ boosts sales of the 490 products by +1.7% for over 347 million euros.
Magnesium, potassium and zinc. The three claim have increased sales respectively by +5%, +1.3%, and +11.6%.
Declining instead the related sales of claim Omega 3 (-1.5%), iron (-3.9%) and iodine (-6.2%).
Allergen-free
I claim which indicate the absence of an allergen appear on 10,635 products. The sector is worth over 4.4 billion euros in sales. Products for celiacs are the largest part of the area, while those for lactose intolerants are the best performing among the 6 claim monitored by the Immagino Observatory.
‘Gluten-free’ appears on 8,460 preferences and is worth 3.1 billion euros in sales, +0.7%. The offer is growing, especially third-party beef processing, cold cuts, tea-based drinks.
‘Crossed ear of corn’, the logo of AIC (Italian Celiac Association) which certifies the gluten-free is present on 1,959 products. It is worth 630 million euros in sales, +1.1%. Soft breads, cereals snacks and cold cuts are the growing categories.
‘Lactose-free’ is the claim best performing with sales increasing by +6.9%, up to almost 1.7 billion euros. It includes 2,453 references, among the most dynamic are fresh desserts, sports foods, hard cheeses and similar, functional yogurt, and cold cuts.
‘Milk-free’ appears on the labels of 497 products, with a turnover of over 282 million euros, increased by +1.1%. Third-party pork processing and cold cuts were among the most dynamic categories.
‘Yeast-free’ qualifies 247 products, with sales growing by +4%, up to more than 55 million euros, mainly thanks to extruded snacks and savory meals.
‘Egg-free’ accompanies 178 products, with sales at +2.3%, surpassing 23 million euros. Fresh pasta without filling and baby biscuits were among the liveliest categories, along with health biscuits.
Vegan and organic
Among the 6 claim and certifications grouped in the area Lifestyle, 'table lifestyle', sales decrease by -0.6% (-1.7% by volume). But there is a lot of variability in the sector,
'Veg' (vegan and/or vegetarian) is the claim most widespread. Appears on 4,699 products, totaling sales of over two billion euros (-0.6%). Growing snacks sweets, UHT oat and soy drinks, ready first courses (soups), ready plant-based meals (recipe only) and yogurt.
'Vegetarian' appears on 2,001 products, source of 1.3 billion euros in sales, up +0.4%. Growing snacks sweets and UHT oat and soy drinks, ready first courses, ready plant-based meals and functional yogurt.
'Vegan', present on 3,554 references, records a -1% drop in sales, amounting to 980 million euros. Especially poor are tomato puree, other infusions, potato extrudates, flours and mixes. Instead, UHT oat and soy drinks, savory snacks, almond milk, and yogurt substitutes have grown.
Organic at the supermarket
Certified organic products have suffered a decline in demand, in line with the consumption crisis. Sales in hypermarkets and supermarkets of the 8,280 certified products amount to 1.1 billion euros and decline by -3.4%.
Among the products, sales of jarred spreads, savory snacks, gluten-free pasta, baby food, extrudates and fresh orange juices have increased. Instead, jams and fruit spreads, flours and mixes, rice cakes, low-fat yogurt and sugar have decreased.
Kosher and halal
Certified products as compliant with the rules and characteristics required by certain religions, finally, show an opposite trend.
'Kosher', meaning certified as compliant with the rules of the Jewish religion, has 1,614 references for 775 million euros in sales, with an annual growth of +0.2%. Among the fastest growing categories are durum wheat pasta, pralines and chocolates, extra virgin olive oil, mayonnaise and coffee beans. Negative trend instead for tomato puree, ground coffee and breakfast cereals.
‘Halal’, that is certified as compliant with the rules of the Islamic religion, appears on 464 products. Sales amount to 215 million euros, growing by +2.7%. snacks sweets, durum wheat pasta, frozen ready meals and gluten-free frozen products were the driving categories.
Beneficial ingredients
Beneficial products and ingredients multiply without stop. The 12,907 products are worth 3.8 billion euros per year, with sales increased by +2.5%.
Immagino Observatory analyzes the trend of 36 foods, organized into 7 categories.
Superfruit
The group of super-fruits counts 2,786 products, generating over 774 million euros overall, +3.6%.
The almond confirms itself as the most important, with 1,272 shelf references and sales of 400 million euros, +2.6%. The offer has expanded, particularly in snacks sweets, pastry and sweet spreads.
Blueberries, mainly featured in low-fat yogurt, snacks sweets and fruit-based beverages recorded a slight decline (-1%). The 777 references sell for over 207 million euros.
The coconut drives sales up by +8% (102 million euros), especially with ice cream, cookies and Greek yogurt, while thecoconut water loses -22.9% of sales (1.4 million euros from 14 references).
The avocado remains one superstar. The 46 references are worth over 18 million euros, +10.5%.
The two new Superfruit of this edition of the Immagino Observatory are
– mango, reported on the labels of 227 products generating almost 43 million euros, up by +14.5%, particularly for whole yogurt, energy drink and fish-based dishes (sushi and tartare),
– cashews is instead found in 218 products, dried fruit, ice cream sandwiches, sweet snacks, and sweet spreads. Sales are worth 47.5 million euros, +7.7%.
Super cereals and super flours
Overall the sales trend of super cereals and super flours (2,170 products) falls by -1%. Of the 8 monitored products, only three show an increase in sales (still in value):
– oats, first by importance with 532 references and a turnover of over 246 million euros, grows by +2.9%. Especially good are UHT milk substitutes, wholegrain/multigrain biscuits, and health biscuits. Sharply down are snacks, breakfast cereals, pastries, and supplements,
– rice flour is instead the claim that shows the best performance annual, +6.6%. Among the 147 products, mainly semolina pasta, third beef processing, ice cream sell multipack, fresh desserts, seed oil and snacks,
– corn flour appears in 100 products on the shelf. Sales increase by +2.7%, over 31 million euros.
The setback is instead loud for kamut (-14%), rice oil (-10.5%), quinoa (-7.6%), spelt and wheat germ (both at -7.1%).
Sweeteners
The 514 references that indicate the presence of cane sugar or stevia on the label generated 162 million euros in revenue, down by -3.9% over the rolling year.
Cane sugar, mentioned on 371 products, loses 6.8% of sales, amounting to over 122 million euros. The purchase of raw sugar and some competing products such as biscuits, snacks and pastries is decreasing.
Stevia instead increases sales of the 144 products containing it, +5.8% up to over 40 million euros, especially among tea-based drinks, supplements and sports foods.
Seeds
The 515 products which indicate the presence of seeds on the label have increased sales by +2.4%, earning almost 110 million euros.
Flax seeds, mentioned on 129 shelf references, are the protagonists of a lively sales growth, +16.8%, exceeding 30 million euros. A rare case, in this edition of the Immagino Observatory, there is also an increase in demand (+5.5%).
Hemp marks an increase in sales of +0.5%. The 54 products that reference its presence (mainly infusions) are worth over 3.5 million euros in sales.
Chia seeds is another claim which increases sales by +3.6% up to over 11 million euros. Fish-based main courses and snacks sweets were the most dynamic categories.
Pumpkin seeds are the most representative of the category – 164 references for 38 million euros – but they fall by -3.9%, with the greatest losses on seeds and rusks.
Sesame seeds have seen their turnover reduced by -1.2%. The 92 products containing them are worth 28.7 million euros. Sandwiches are the category that suffered the most.
Beneficial spices declining
Turmeric, ginger and cinnamon lose a total of -9.2% of sales. The 888 references – infusions, tea, flavors and spices – generated a turnover of 88 million euros. In particular,
- ginger, the most labeled spice (538 products), declines by -8.2%, particularly for infusions, tea, chocolate bars and tablets.
- turmeric, second in importance (236 products), achieved sales of 18.8 million euros, -16% in value,
- cinnamon, indicated on the label of 173 products, billed over 15 million euros, -6.1%.
Superfood
The four Superfood monitored overall lose -7.9% in value sales. The 161 products containing them are worth over 13 million euros.
Goji loses -21.8% in value. The 90 products with this indication on the label made 5.3 million euros in sales. Soy yogurts are particularly declining.
Matcha marks instead a +6.1% increase in sales, amounting to almost three million euros. Among the most dynamic products are smoothies/shakes.
Spirulina gains +14.4%. The 23 shelf products – smoothies/shakes, gluten-free pasta and fresh juices – containing this powerful microalga are worth over 1.8 million euros.
Açai it is in just nine references, but grows in sweet snacks, preserved fruit and fruit-based drinks. It achieved sales of 2.8 million euros, -0.9%.
Traditional 'beneficial' ingredients
A new category monitored by Osservatorio Immagino concerns traditional 'beneficial' products, that is 6 well-established foods in consumption.
Cocoa. The 2,103 products on which this appears claim have developed a turnover of 891 million euros, +2.4%. Ice creams are growing multipack, fresh desserts, snacks and ground coffee in capsules.
Hazelnut. Cited on 1,712 products, the claim increases turnover by +4.7%, exceeding 524 million euros. Ice creams are growing multipack, pralines and chocolates, seasonal eggs and snacks sweets.
Lemon. For the 1,548 products accompanied by this claim sales reach 497 million euros, +2.4%. The fastest growing categories were tea-based drinks, soft drinks (lemonade, soda and tonic) and ice lollies.
Vanilla. The claim on 798 products increased turnover by +4.4%, to almost 328 million euros. Fresh desserts, sports foods and snacks basic cookie sweets.
Pistachio. The recall, on 512 items, boosted revenue by +11.1%, up to over 175 million euros. Among the fastest growing products we find ice creams multipack (cones and sticks), sweet spreads, colomba cake and Easter eggs.
Caramel. Indicated on the packaging of 314 products, it is worth over 92 million euros in sales, +14.3%. Traditional biscuits, puddings and creams perform well.
Nuts. The only claim linked to a decrease in sales (-1.8%) appears on 511 products, turnover of 163 million euros. Shell nuts, functional and dual-compartment yogurt and breakfast cereals perform poorly.
New trends
The report also highlights four foods/ingredients that are gaining visibility on supermarket shelves.
Peanut butter drives a heavy +71.5% value sales increase, up to over 13 million euros. Only 24 products mention it. The fastest growing categories are low-fat yogurt, sweet spreads, tub ice creams and protein foods for athletes.
Soy ‘edamame’. The 29 products that indicate its presence on the label earned +30.3%, for a total of eight million euros. Fish-based main courses (sushi) are growing, the snacks savory (sandwiches), canned legumes and ready soups.
Tahina appears on 13 products whose sales increased by +17.9%, to 1.5 million euros. The fastest growing categories are ethnic specialties, vegetable spreads, ready sauces and gravies, sauces and pâtés.
Royal jelly is the claim most relevant of the group. Appears on 46 products for over 17 million euros in sales, down -6%. Poor performance by functional yogurts, energy drinks, supplements and whole yogurt.
Processing method
Reference to the processing method appears on 3,599 products. Among the nine monitored, the most lively are bronze-drawn and non-fried.
Bronze-drawn (bronze). The claim, which has aroused the interest of the Antitrust, appears on the labels of 1,229 items (mainly pasta), whose sales value increased by +11.4%, exceeding 242 million euros.
Cold extracted It is the second basket by relevance: 325 references essentially of extra virgin olive oil. It is worth over 202 million euros in sales, -3.2%.
Unfiltered. The claim It appears mainly on beer. Sales of the 150 products identified this way lose -10.2% of sales, with a turnover of 133 million euros.
Slow/natural leavening. Appears on 415 products, which achieved over 126 million euros in sales (-0.1%). Frozen pizzas and pastry ingredients perform poorly, seasonal Christmas products and snacks perform well.
Handmade. The 278 references with this label indication recorded a +2.7%, with sales over 126 million euros. Tuna and tub ice cream are the categories where growth in supply was most evident.
Drying. The 260 products in this basket are mainly semolina pasta ‘dried at low temperature‘. Sales increased by +3.4% exceed 105 million euros.
Artisanal. The claim increases sales by +1.6%, approaching 97 million euros. Among the 694 food products are fish specialties, fresh filled pasta, ready first courses and fresh desserts.
Not fried. This seems to recall the success of air fryers claim, which for the 360 products it appears on is worth +10.3% of sales, over 95 million euros. The offer of savory snacks and extruded products is increasing.
Smoking. Mentioned on 93 products, it is linked to a turnover of over 63 million euros, +2.3%. The claim appears mainly on fish specialties, fish-based second courses and cheeses.
The taste of the filling
Among the 11 claim that highlight the texture (texture) of the food, soft and filled are associated with better performance.
Filling drives sales to +10.9%, the best performance of the 11 claim. Used on the packaging of 984 products, it achieved a turnover of 276 million euros. Increasing sales for chocolate bars, fresh filled pasta, pralines and chocolates, pastries.
Soft registers a +6.7%, up to 406 million euros. The best performing products are soft bread, sandwich bread, panettone, pastries, colombe and snacks sweets.
Rough. Used on 409 products it improved sales by +3.6%, exceeding 190 million euros. Among the most important categories are semolina pasta, whole wheat/farro/kamut pasta and gluten-free pasta.
Soft e Velvety respectively entail +2.5% and +2.6% sales. The first leads 457 products, especially those for Christmas and Easter holidays, snacks and sandwich bread. The second (on 345 products) especially ready soups, fresh gnocchi and tomato puree.
Negative-marked textures
The others claim on the texture are linked to performance negative.
Crunchy confirms itself as the first claim by number of shelf references (1,600) and turnover (971 million euros). Sales drop by -1.8%, especially for traditional biscuits, frozen pizza, frozen breaded fish, savory specialties, breakfast cereals and chips.
Creamy, present on 1,332 products, declines by -4.6% in turnover, worth 638 million euros. Falling are traditional biscuits, ground coffee, whole yogurt, mascarpone, UHT cream and crescenza cheese.
Tender (504 products) is stable. Selling are nougat, cold cuts, frozen ready meals and fresh unleavened pasta.
Thin (366 products) falls by -3.2%, to 200 million euros. Among the most penalized are frozen pizza and fresh unleavened pasta.
Stuffed (593 products) drops by -5.3% in sales, stopping at 128 million euros. Frozen pizza, baked Christmas products and snacks sweets are the most involved categories.
Fragrant (275 products). The business volume related to this claim amounts to 126 million euros, -3% compared to the previous rolling year. Poor wafer, frozen pizza and extra virgin olive oil. Good substitutes for fresh bread and chips.
Marta Strinati
Notes
(1) Immagino Observatory, 2022.2 edition https://servizi.gs1it.org/osservatori/osservatorio-immagino-12/
(2) ILO, International Labour Organization. Global Wage Report 2022–23. The impact of inflation and COVID-19 on wages and purchasing power https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_862572.pdf
Professional journalist since January 1995, she has worked for newspapers (Il Messaggero, Paese Sera, La Stampa) and magazines (NumeroUno, Il Salvagente). Author of journalistic investigations on food, she published the book 'Reading labels to know what we eat'.
